{"id":50465,"date":"2020-05-13T08:57:15","date_gmt":"2020-05-13T08:57:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mahac.it\/?p=50465"},"modified":"2020-05-13T08:57:20","modified_gmt":"2020-05-13T08:57:20","slug":"materials-design-technologies-and-zero-risk-let-us-take-our-future-back","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mahac.it\/en\/materials-design-technologies-and-zero-risk-let-us-take-our-future-back\/","title":{"rendered":"Materials, Design, Technologies and Zero Risk &#8211; Let us take our future back"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.22&#8243;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.25&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.25&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.6&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Materials, Design, Technologies and Zero Risk &#8211; Let us take our future back<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Lately, there have been several talks by some opinion leaders on the building safety, with reference to the acceptability of the risk of collapse, either for new buildings or for maintenance and structural restoration of the existing building heritage. However, these remarks cannot refer exclusively to engineering design in the strict sense (use of codes and regulations for structural purposes) but must include innovative technologies and new materials used in a manner equivalent to calculation.<br \/>And starting from the materials (whether new or not) we would like to make our own contribution to the ongoing debate.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Zero Risk <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">To date, the structural reliability of a reinforced concrete or masonry depends on the mandatory design codes, materials and application technologies validated, making the probability of a negative event low but certainly such as not to exclude the probability of collapse (zero risk). Therefore, it should be noted that only the validity of design codes, the service life reliability of materials, the expertise of both designer and materials technologist, are the only tools to reduce (unfortunately not to eliminate!) the risk of collapse of building structures.<br \/>And it is in this general context in which we discuss design codes, new plant engineering and application technologies that we need to approach the materials from a different vision, so that the PROJECT of a building is the hybridization of different skills and not simply the result of a calculation.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Materials<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">At the beginning of the 90s, at the invitation of a Japanese company, I visited a precast company, accompanied by some Italian entrepreneurs of the same sector.The first thing we noticed was the scrupulous attention to the choice of materials.All metal reinforcements, from cables to nets, were entirely treated with epoxy resin to avoid corrosion during the lifetime of the structural element.\u00a0Beams, slabs, panels and pillars, after the formwork removal, were placed in water pools for aging for up to 28 days. Asking \u00a0why this treatment was necessary, the answer was as simple as ingenious: they could not afford to carry out an effective programmed maintenance, in case of deterioration due to corrosion of the reinforcement or not perfect aging of the cement paste, on structural elements located in buildings of more than 5 floors!<br \/>&#8230;..We are talking about the &#8217;90s!<br \/>We noticed that already at that time they were producing curtain panels, safe concrete barriers like new jersey walls, with structural polymeric fibers, completely eliminating any metal reinforcement.\u00a0If we then think about the development of FRP systems by Mitsubishi at the end of the 90s and the subsequent development of new polymeric fibers (carbon,aramid, PBO, etc.), I have the clear feeling that the Japanese approach to the construction sector is that the durability of the materials used prevails over the calculation and architectural aspects of the work.<br \/>Unfortunately, this sensitivity to the durability of building materials in Italy is not sufficiently perceived for both a lack of teaching at university level and a cultural approach that sees structural and architectural design (calculation and aesthetics) prevail over the reliability of materials used.<br \/>The unfortunate events of recent years &#8211; earthquakes included &#8211; of collapsed, degraded and out of order infrastructure, of hundreds of thousands of bridges whose structural safety is unknown but they are still in service, of thousands of school and hospitals just to name a few types, cannot but make us reflect on the fact that most, if not all, of these emergency situations are due to the unsuitable construction materials.<br \/>I am reminded of what has been done in terms of restoration work on the Polcevera viaduct, which has been maintained since its construction, continuing over the years with repair projects \u00a0that seemed to pursue, without ever achieving the complete reliability of restoration. The latter could never be achieved, because the materials and technologies used complied with the regulations in force but were not sufficiently suitable for service life .<br \/>Until we find a zero-porous structural binder to replace the concrete characterized by macro and micro porosity, we cannot avoid the phenomena, more or less accentuated, of corrosion of the metal reinforcements used in reinforced concrete.<br \/>However, we can attempt to start a technical-scientific and regulatory process aimed at developing METAL FREE building technologies. While the design codes -the calculations- can be verified as they are based on mathematics and physics to substantiate even bold architectural solutions, there is no &#8220;scientific&#8221; &#8211; physical or mathematical \u2013 basis, on materials, according to the variable environmental conditions and exposure time, cannot be traced back to mathematical or physical models but to chemical-physical processes that can change over the time and are not predictable today.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">&#8230; What to do then? First, we try to eliminate from the beginning the corrosion of the reinforcements, moving towards a <strong>Metal Free Approach.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Proposals<br \/><\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Precast Sector<\/span><\/em><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Although there are already small infrastructures built without metal reinforcements (Metal Free) and hoping that they can continue to be built, I would advise to start, at the prefabrication plants, studies and constructions of structural and non-structural elements, totally free of metal elements, using nets, cables and composites with polymeric fibers of glass, aramid, carbon, PBO, etc.<br \/>The consequent reduction of the concrete cover, combined with a correct structural design, could reduce the weight of the building by as much as 40% (according to some constructions already carried out in the United States) and a consequent saving of cement (Green Economy).<br \/>At this point the Nominal Life of the building with these &#8220;Metal Free Elements&#8221; would be lightened by the maintenance costs due to the corrosion of the reinforcements and the consequent positive effects on the structural fatigue phenomena, giving a significant contribution to maintain the initial performance levels over time.<br \/>The precast manufacturer will of course continue to make the traditional elements but will start a line of new technologies that will replace the traditional production line in the future, even for events that are currently unforeseeable but probable.<br \/>This process will necessarily involve structural engineers, materials experts and academics for the validation of new processes and for the regulatory acceptance by the MIT [Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Structural restoration, improvement and seismic retrofitting.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This sector has been the one that has suffered the most in recent years from significant innovations, aimed at implementing long-lasting repair restoration.<br \/>Just to point out a few examples, the develop of FRP systems (late &#8217;90s) that have replaced almost entirely the technology of beton plaqu\u00e8for reinforced concrete repair.<br \/>In the same period (early 2000) the first patents were filed and several pioneering repair projects were carried out (shear reinforcement of the beams at the San Siro Stadium in Milan, retrofitting of the Cathedral of Noto, etc.) with FRCM composites, in which the epoxy resin is replaced as a binder, by an inorganic, non-flammable, breathable and durable material in operation even at temperatures and relative humidity at which the epoxy resins lose their effectiveness due to the glass transition temperature.<br \/>The next step, in my opinion, will be to complete the scientific, technological and regulatory process for the total elimination of metal elements, such as welded steel \u00a0mesh with metal inserts and connectors, discrete metal fibers, replacing the latter with repair mortars with polymeric fibers able to create composites with hardening properties, covering all areas of application of the traditional mortars with steel fibers.<br \/>Some of these composites have already been development and marketed; it is a matter of changing mentality and forgetting the &#8220;metal&#8221; to start, without preconceptions, a wide-ranging study involving the academic world and at the same time to gather a host of experts (Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, Academics, Companies) for the preparation of standard and immediately usable regulations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">At the end of these talk I would not want anyone to think that these are &#8220;the usual good intentions&#8221;; for more than 35 years I have been involved in developing materials and technologies for construction, thinking about their durability in operation, there is a strong determination to continue in this direction. I believe, however, that only through the hybridization of different skills, it will be possible to start an innovative phase for the constructions in our country.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Giovanni Mantegazza<\/em><br \/><em>Technical Director and Co-Founder -MAHAC srl<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lately, there have been several talks by some opinion leaders on the building safety, with reference to the acceptability of the risk of collapse&#8230;&#8230;read more<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":81,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<h2><strong>Tecnologie innovative, Materiali, Progettazione e Rischio Zero - Riprendiamoci il futuro.<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nIn questi ultimi tempi, numerosi sono stati gli interventi di alcuni esperti sul tema delle tecnologie innovative e della sicurezza degli edifici, in riferimento alla accettabilit\u00e0 del rischio di collasso, sia per le nuove costruzioni cos\u00ec come per gli interventi di manutenzione e ripristino strutturale del patrimonio edilizio preesistente.\r\n\r\nTuttavia queste valutazioni non possono essere riferite esclusivamente alla progettazione ingegneristica in senso stretto (utilizzo di codici e normative ai fini strutturali) ma devono ricomprendere in modo equipollente al calcolo, le tecnologie innovative e nuovi materiali impiegati.\r\nE partendo proprio dai materiali (nuovi o meno nuovi che siano) vorremmo portare il nostro contributo al dibattito in corso.\r\n<h3><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Rischio Zero<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\r\nAd oggi l\u2019affidabilit\u00e0 strutturale di un opera in c.a. o muratura, dipende dai codici progettuali cogenti, dai materiali e dalle tecnologie applicative validate, rendendo bassa la probabilit\u00e0 di un evento negativo ma certamente tale da non escludere la probabilit\u00e0 del collasso (rischio zero) Pertanto occorre evidenziare che solo la validit\u00e0 dei codici progettuali, l\u2019affidabilit\u00e0 in esercizio dei materiali, la competenza del progettista e quella del tecnologo dei materiali, sono gli unici strumenti per ridurre (non azzerare ahim\u00e8!) il rischio di collasso delle strutture edilizie.\r\n\r\n<strong>Ed \u00e8 in questo contesto generale in cui dissertiamo di codici progettuali, di nuove tecnologie impiantistiche ed applicative occorre affrontare l\u2019argomento materiali in un\u2019ottica diversa, in modo che il PROGETTO di un\u2019opera sia l\u2019ibridizzazione di diverse competenze e non semplicemente il risultato di un calcolo.<\/strong>\r\n<h3><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Materiali<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\r\nAll\u2019inizio degli anni \u201990 su invito di un\u2019azienda giapponese, ho visitato un\u2019azienda di prefabbricati, accompagnato da alcuni imprenditori italiani del medesimo settore.\r\nLa prima cosa che notammo fu l\u2019attenzione scrupolosa nella scelta dei materiali.\r\nTutte le armature metalliche, dai cavi alle reti, erano interamente trattate con resina epossidica per evitare la corrosione durante la vita in esercizio dell\u2019elemento strutturale.\r\nTravi, solette, pannelli e pilastri, dopo lo scassero, venivano posti in piscine di acqua per la maturazione fino a 28 giorni.\r\n\r\nAlla domanda del perch\u00e9 di questo trattamento, la risposta \u00e8 stata tanto semplice quanto geniale: non si potevano permettere di eseguire una manutenzione programmata efficace, in caso di ammaloramento per corrosione dell\u2019armatura o non perfetta maturazione della pasta cementizia, su elementi strutturali posizionati in edifici di oltre 5 piani!\r\n\u2026. Stiamo parlano degli anni \u201990!\r\nNotammo che gi\u00e0 da allora venivano prodotti pannelli di tamponamento, barriere protettive tipo new jersey, con fibre polimeriche strutturali eliminando totalmente l\u2019armatura metallica.\r\n\r\nSe poi pensiamo all\u2019introduzione dei sistemi FRP da parte della Mitsubishi alla fine degli anni \u201990 e al successivo sviluppo di nuove fibre polimeriche (aramidiche, PBO, ecc.), ho la netta sensazione che l\u2019approccio giapponese al settore delle costruzioni sia che la durabilit\u00e0 dei materiali impiegati predomini rispetto al calcolo e agli aspetti architettonici dell\u2019opera.\r\nPurtroppo questa sensibilit\u00e0 alla durabilit\u00e0 dei materiali da costruzione in Italia non \u00e8 sufficientemente percepita sia per una carenza didattica a livello universitario sia per un\u2019impostazione culturale che vede la progettazione strutturale ed architettonica (calcolo ed estetica), prevalere sull\u2019affidabilit\u00e0 dei materiali impiegati.\r\nGli eventi infausti di questi ultimi anni- terremoti compresi - di infrastrutture collassate, degradate e poste fuori esercizio, di centinaia di migliaia di opere d\u2019arte stradali di cui non si conosce la sicurezza strutturale ma ad oggi ancora in esercizio, di migliaia di edifici scolastici ed ospedali solo per citare alcune tipologie, non possono che farci riflettere sul fatto che molte di queste situazioni emergenziali, se non tutte, sono riconducibili all\u2019impiego inadeguato dei materiali da costruzione.\r\nMi sovviene quanto \u00e8 stato fatto in termini di interventi di ripristino sul viadotto Polcevera, oggetto di manutenzione fino dagli esordi, proseguendo negli anni con interventi che sembravano rincorrere, senza mai raggiungere, l\u2019affidabilit\u00e0 completa del ripristino. Quest\u2019ultima non poteva mai essere raggiunta, perch\u00e9 i materiali e le tecnologie utilizzate erano si, conformi alle normative vigenti, ma non sufficientemente adatti alla vita in esercizio.\r\n\r\nFintanto che non troveremo un legante strutturale a porosit\u00e0 zero che sostituisca il calcestruzzo\r\ncaratterizzato da una macro e microporosit\u00e0, non potremo evitare i fenomeni, pi\u00f9 o meno accentuati, di corrosione delle armature metalliche impiegate nel calcestruzzo armato.\r\n<strong>Tuttavia possiamo tentare di avviare un processo tecnico-scientifico e normativo finalizzato a sviluppare tecnologie innovative edilizie METAL FREE.<\/strong> Mentre i codici progettuali - i calcoli - possono essere verificati in quanto fondati sulla matematica e la fisica per sostanziare soluzioni architettoniche anche ardite, sui materiali non esiste una base \u201cscientifica\u201d - fisica o matematica - in quanto le variabili condizioni ambientali e il tempo di esposizione non sono riconducibili a modelli matematici o fisici ma a processi chimico-fisici mutabili nel tempo e ad oggi non prevedibili.\r\n\r\n<strong>E allora che fare?<\/strong>\r\n<strong>Per prima cosa tentiamo di eliminare fin dall\u2019inizio la corrosione delle armature, orientandoci ad un approccio Metal Free.<\/strong>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Proposte<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<strong><em>Prefabbricazione<\/em><\/strong>\r\nAnche se gi\u00e0 esistono delle piccole infrastrutture realizzate senza armature matalliche (Metal Free) e augurandoci che possano continuare ad essere realizzate, proporrei di avviare presso gli stabilimenti di prefabbricazione studi e realizzazioni di elementi strutturali e non, totalmente esenti da elementi metallici, utilizzando reti, cavi e compositi con fibre polimeriche di vetro, aramide, carbonio, PBO, ecc.\r\nLa conseguente riduzione del copriferro, abbinata ad una corretta progettazione strutturale potrebbe ridurre il peso del manufatto anche del 40% (stando ad alcune realizzazione gi\u00e0 eseguite negli Stati Uniti) e un conseguente risparmio di cemento (Green Economy).\r\nA questo punto la Vita Nominale dell\u2019opera realizzata con questi \u201cElementi Metal Free\u201d sarebbe alleggerita dai costi di manutenzione dovuti alla corrosione delle armature e le conseguenti ricadute positive sui fenomeni di fatica delle strutture, dando un contributo significativo a mantenere nel tempo i livelli prestazionali iniziali.\r\n\r\nIl soggetto prefabbricatore continuer\u00e0 ovviamente a realizzare i tradizionali elementi ma aprir\u00e0 una linea di nuove tecnologie che in futuro, anche per eventi attualmente non prevedibili ma probabili, sostituiranno la tradizionale linea di produzione.\r\n\r\nQuesto processo dovr\u00e0 necessariamente coinvolgere lo strutturista, l\u2019esperto di materiali e l\u2019accademico per la validazione dei nuovi processi e per l\u2019accettazione normativa a livello di MIT.\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ripristino strutturale, miglioramento ed adeguamento sismico.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\nQuesto settore \u00e8 stato quello che maggiormente ha risentito in questi anni di significative innovazioni, finalizzate a realizzare interventi durabili nel tempo.\r\nSolo per ricordare alcuni esempi non possiamo non citare l\u2019avvento dei sistemi FRP (fine anni \u201990) che hanno sostituito quasi interamente, gli interventi di beton plaqu\u00e8 per i rinforzi strutturali del cemento armato.\r\nContemporaneamente (inizi anni 2000) venivano depositati i primi brevetti e realizzati diversi interventi pionieristici (rinforzo a taglio delle travi in c.a. dello Stadio S.Siro di Milano, ricostruzione della Cattedrale di Noto, ecc. ) con compositi FRCM, in cui alla resina epossidica viene sostituito come legante, un materiale inorganico, non infiammabile, traspirante e durabile in esercizio anche a temperature ed umidit\u00e0 relative alle quali le resine epossidiche perdono di efficacia per effetto della temperatura di transizione vetrosa.\r\n\r\nIl passo successivo, a mio parere, sar\u00e0 quello di portare a termine il processo scientifico, tecnologico e normativo per la totale eliminazione di elementi metallici, quali reti elettrosaldate con inserti e connettori metallici, fibre discrete metalliche, sostituendo con malte da ripristino con fibre polimeriche in grado di realizzare compositi con propriet\u00e0 anche incrudenti, coprendo tutti gli ambiti applicativi delle tradizionali malte con fibre di acciaio.\r\n\r\nAlcuni di questi compositi sono gi\u00e0 stati realizzati e commercializzati; si tratta di cambiare mentalit\u00e0 e dimenticarsi del \u201cmetallo\u201d per avviare, senza preconcetti, uno studio a vasto raggio coinvolgendo il mondo accademico ed avviare contemporaneamente un tavolo multidisciplinare (MIT, Accademici, Imprese) per la predisposizione di una normativa snella ed immediatamente fruibile.\r\n\r\n<strong>A conclusione di queste osservazioni non vorrei che qualcuno pensasse che siano \u201cle solite buone intenzioni\u201d; da parte mai, che da pi\u00f9 di 35 anni mi occupo di sviluppare materiali e tecnologie per le costruzioni, pensando alla loro durabilit\u00e0 in esercizio, c\u2019\u00e8 una forte determinazione a continuare in questa direzione. Credo per\u00f2 che solo attraverso l\u2019ibridizzazione delle diverse competenze, sar\u00e0 possibile avviare una fase innovativa nelle costruzioni nel nostro paese.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Giovanni Mantegazza<\/em>\r\n<em>Technical Director and Co-Founder -MAHAC srl<\/em>","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Materials, Design, Technologies and Zero Risk - Let us take our future back<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Lately, there have been several talks by some opinion leaders on the building safety, with reference to the acceptability of the risk of collapse, either for new buildings or for maintenance and structural restoration of the existing building heritage.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mahac.it\/en\/materials-design-technologies-and-zero-risk-let-us-take-our-future-back\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Materials, Design, Technologies and Zero Risk - Let us take our future back\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Lately, there have been several talks by some opinion leaders on the building safety, with reference to the acceptability of the risk of collapse, either for new buildings or for maintenance and structural restoration of the existing building heritage.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.mahac.it\/en\/materials-design-technologies-and-zero-risk-let-us-take-our-future-back\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mahac\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-05-13T08:57:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-05-13T08:57:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.mahac.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/construction-layout-06.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"667\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"kate\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"kate\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mahac.it\\\/en\\\/materials-design-technologies-and-zero-risk-let-us-take-our-future-back\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mahac.it\\\/en\\\/materials-design-technologies-and-zero-risk-let-us-take-our-future-back\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"kate\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mahac.it\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4c0fc4acd8324ca2036d5c2419c5728e\"},\"headline\":\"Materials, Design, Technologies and Zero Risk &#8211; 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